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Perturbation theory in quantum mechanics is valid when:

⟨n|H'|n⟩ ≪ Eₙ − Eₙ'. Perturbation theory requires the matrix elements of H' to be small compared to the unperturbed energy level spacings.

Short Answer

⟨n|H'|n⟩ ≪ Eₙ − Eₙ' is the best answer.

Quantum questions reward precision with language. Identify whether the prompt is about wave behaviour, measurement, states, operators, or quantised energy levels before choosing a formula or interpretation.

Perturbation theory requires the matrix elements of H' to be small compared to the unperturbed energy level spacings.

Why This Answer Is Correct

This is a Hard-level question in Quantum Physics. The prompt is really testing whether you can connect the concept to its defining physical relationship instead of picking a nearby-but-wrong term.

When a quantum question feels ambiguous, translating it into state, observable, probability, and evolution language usually clarifies the answer.

Choices At A Glance

  • A. The perturbing Hamiltonian is larger than H₀
  • B. ⟨n|H'|n⟩ ≪ Eₙ − Eₙ'
  • C. The system is degenerate
  • D. Temperature is near absolute zero

When similar options appear on an exam, eliminate the ones that break the core law, use the wrong units, or confuse a definition with a consequence.

Topic Snapshot

Topic: Quantum Physics

Difficulty: Hard

Best next move: Re-state the governing law in your own words, then solve one more example from the same topic before moving on.