Short Answer
4kTR is the best answer.
Electromagnetism questions become manageable once you separate source, field, potential, current, and force. Most wrong answers mix those layers together or ignore direction.
Johnson noise: voltage noise spectral density Sv = 4kTR, giving available noise power kT per unit bandwidth.
Why This Answer Is Correct
This is a Hard-level question in Electromagnetism. The prompt is really testing whether you can connect the concept to its defining physical relationship instead of picking a nearby-but-wrong term.
Keep charge, field, potential, and current distinct. That single habit fixes a large fraction of electromagnetism errors.
Choices At A Glance
- A. kT/R
- B. 4kTR
- C. kT/(4R)
- D. 4kT/R
When similar options appear on an exam, eliminate the ones that break the core law, use the wrong units, or confuse a definition with a consequence.
Topic Snapshot
Topic: Electromagnetism
Difficulty: Hard
Best next move: Re-state the governing law in your own words, then solve one more example from the same topic before moving on.